Book excerpt: High-performance computing (HPC) describes the use of connected computing units to perform complex tasks. It relies on parallelization techniques and algorithms to synchronize these disparate units in order to perform faster than a single processor could, alone. Used in industries from medicine and research to military and higher education, this method of computing allows for users to complete complex data-intensive tasks. This field has undergone many changes over the past decade, and will continue to grow in popularity in the coming years. Innovative Research Applications in Next-Generation High Performance Computing aims to address the future challenges, advances, and applications of HPC and related technologies. As the need for such processors increases, so does the importance of developing new ways to optimize the performance of these supercomputers. This timely publication provides comprehensive information for researchers, students in ICT, program developers, military and government organizations, and business professionals.