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Concentrated aqueous solutions (CAS) have unique thermodynamic and physical properties. Chemical components in CAS are incompletely dissociated, especially thos

Open system behavior is predicated on a fundamental relationship between the timescale over which mass is transported and the timescale over which it is chemica

Any numerical subsurface model is comprised of three components: a theoretical basis to translate our understanding phenomena into partial differential equation

In this report, we present: -- The Pitzer ion-interactiontheory and models -- Input file requirements for using the TOUGHREACTPitzer ion-interaction model and a