Book excerpt: In this book, B.W. Robinson traces the development of the different styles of Persian painting during the fifteenth century, and considers a number of the problems and issues involved in establishing a methodology and system of classification for Persian painting of that period. Robinson begins, by way of background, with a review of the schools of Herat and Shiraz up to the middle of the century, and then proceeds to tackle in order the three main fields of controversy: painting under the Turkmans, Timurid paintings in Transoxiana and Timurid painting in India. The uneasy fusion of contrasting characteristics of Herat and Shiraz that resulted in the emergence of Turkman court painting is traced through the origins, development, and branching of the Turkman style into a definitive form. Then the author reviews a branch of the art almost entirely neglected up to now, which he identifies as originating in Transoxiana. Finally he provides a new approach to the study of pre-Mughal Indian painting in Persian style by dividing the material into five stylistic groups.