Book excerpt: Electron tunneling leads to transfer of trapped positive, or negative charge tens of angstroms in rigid matrices. Franck-Condon effects give energy specificity to charge transfer and ion recombination, and adds sensitivity to molecular structure, solvation and H/D isotope effects. The specificity is important in photosynthesis and solar energy storage as well as in radiation chemistry. We feel that the question of hopping vs. tunneling is definitely settled in favor of tunneling for intermolecular electron transfer at low temperatures. Hopping cannot yet be conclusively ruled out in reactions of trapped electrons. Hopping is expected to become important in many media near room temperature (T approx. less than 200°K).