Book excerpt: Slavery in the United States lasted more than two centuries. The adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in December 1865 abolished slavery after the American Civil War. The first slaves were forcibly removed from Africa by British slave traders beginning in the early 1600s. Redoshi, later renamed Sally Smith, was the last surviving female slave brought to the U.S. from Africa. A Benoise war captive, she was illegally transported to the US (importing slaves having been outlawed 50 years prior). The last surviving male slave, Oluale Kossula (aka Cudjo Lewis), had been transported on the sale ship and was most likely part of the Yoruba people in Benin. The quality of a slave’s life depended completely on their master’s will. It was considered normal, for example, for masters to rape their slaves, who were considered their property. Slaves who escaped were branded, killed, or punished severely in other ways. Solomon Northup Twelve Years a Slave Booker T. Washington Up From Slavery Frederick Douglass From Slavery to Freedom Olaudah Equiano The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African Harriet Ann Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Mary Prince The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave Charles Ball Fifty Years in Chains Or, the Life of an American Slave Thomas H. Jones Experience and Personal Narrative of Uncle Tom Jones; Who Was for Forty Years a Slave Phillis Wheatley Religious and Moral Poems William H. Robinson From Log Cabin to the Pulpit, or, Fifteen Years in Slavery Louis Hughes Thirty Years A Slave Elizabeth Keckley Behind the Scenes Josiah Henson The Life of Josiah Henson Old Elizabeth Memoir of Old Elizabeth, A Coloured Woman Annie L. Burton Memories of Childhood's Slavery Days Lucy A. Delaney From the Darkness Cometh the Light, or Struggles for Freedom Lunsford Lane The Narrative of Lunsford Lane, Formerly of Raleigh, N.C. L. S. Thompson The Story of Mattie J. Jackson