Book excerpt: The visual, material, and literary cultures of the English Renaissance are littered with objects that depict, utilise, or respond to the metaphor of musical harmony--yet harmony in this period relied on a certain amount of carefully mannered dissonance. Using visual and literary sources alongside musical works, author Eleanor Chan explores the rise of the false relation, a variety of dissonance that, despite being officially frowned upon by contemporary theoretical treatises, became characteristic of English vocal music between ca. 1550 and 1630.