Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking work, author John Giannini offers an in-depth and often philosophical and autobiographical exploration of psychological type that seeks to reconcile type and archetype in Jung's original and subsequent works. Developing the larger implications of the functional couplings is one of Giannini's main objectives in Compass of the Soul. He posits that the couplings are the four archetypal modalities through which the Soul perceives and judges the outer and the inner worlds. These couplings, he writes, "constitute the four directions of the type mandala, or, borrowing Jung's term, the Compass of the Soul."