Book excerpt: Between c.1350 and c.1650, Italian urban societies saw much debate on women's nature, roles, education, and behavior. Using a broad range of material, most newly translated, this book illuminates the ideals and realities informing the lives of women within the context of civic and courtly culture in Renaissance Italy. The text is divided into three sections: contemporary views on the nature of women, and ethical and aesthetic ideals seen as suitable to them; life cycles from birth to death, punctuated by the rites of passage of betrothal, marriage and widowhood; women's roles in the convent, the court, the workplace, and in cultural life.