Book excerpt: The Sydney Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development, adopted at the fifteenth APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in 2007, announced an APEC-wide aspirational goal of increasing forest cover in the region by at least 20 million hectares (ha) of all types of forests by 2020. This report assesses the extent to which the APEC 2020 Forest Cover Goal was achieved. It updates a progress report, published in 2015, with information provided in 2021 by 12 of the 21 APEC economies and an analysis of the 2020 Global Forest Resources Assessment.1 Forest area in the APEC region increased by 27.9 million ha between 2007 and 2020. Over the same period, the area of forest in protected areas in APEC economies increased by almost 16 million ha and the area of planted forest increased by slightly more than 30 million ha. Although, overall, the APEC economies achieved the 2020 Forest Cover Goal, not all economies reported an increase in forest area over the period. Forest area increased in nine economies, with the largest increases in China (26.5 million ha), Australia (5.0 million ha) and the United States (3.5 million ha). Conversely, forest area declined in ten economies in the region. Key direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in APEC economies include agricultural expansion, forest product extraction (legal and illegal), infrastructure development, and biophysical factors (e.g. climate and extreme weather events, forest fire and invasive species).