Book excerpt: This book examines the interplay of two sets of policies: the Chinese government's policies to its borderlands and international relations. It proposes a conceptual framework and argues that China's policymakers fail to make complete use of the opportunities in the borderlands for accomplishing foreign policymakers' agenda to strengthen China's relations with other countries, neighboring ones in particular. As a result, these foreign policies reflect the political elites' inadequate consideration of the negative impact of these policies on the borderlands, and underscore their worry for territorial disintegration. Therefore these policies center on the pursuit of central control through exercising administrative-military coercion, making the borderlands economically dependent, standardizing the cultural identity, and indoctrinating CCP-defined ideology. The challenges of the borderlands to the national integration are exaggerated so much that political elites pursued control and standardization at the expense of the identification of many people in borderlands with the regime, China's international image and the relations with its neighbouring countries.