Book excerpt: This PhD thesis falls under the fields of algebraic combinatorics and group theory. Precisely,it brings a contribution to the domain that studies profiles of oligomorphic permutation groups and their behaviors.The first part of this manuscript introduces most of the tools that will be needed later on, starting with elements of combinatorics and algebraic combinatorics.We define counting functions through classical examples ; with a view of studying them, we argue the relevance of adding a graded algebra structure on the counted objects.We also bring up the notions of order and lattice.Then, we provide an overview of the basic definitions and properties related to permutation groups and to invariant theory. We end this part with a description of the Pólya enumeration method, which allows to count objects under a group action.The second part is dedicated to introducing the domain this thesis comes withinthe scope of. It dwells on profiles of relational structures,and more specifically orbital profiles.If G is an infinite permutation group, its profile is the counting function which maps any n > 0 to the number of orbits of n-subsets, for the inducedaction of G on the finite subsets of elements.Cameron conjectured that the profile of G is asymptotically equivalent to a polynomial whenever it is bounded by apolynomial.Another, stronger conjecture was later made by Macpherson : it involves a certain structure of graded algebra on the orbits of subsetscreated by Cameron, the orbit algebra, and states that if the profile of G is bounded by a polynomial, then its orbit algebra is finitely generated.As a start in our study of this problem, we develop some examples and get our first hints towards a resolution by examining the block systems ofgroups with profile bounded by a polynomial -- that we call P-oligomorphic --, as well as the notion of subdirect product.The third part is the proof of a classification of P-oligomorphic groups,with Macpherson's conjecture as a corollary.First, we study the combinatorics of the lattice of block systems,which leads to identifying one special, generalized such system, that consists of blocks of blocks with good properties.We then tackle the elementary case when there is only one such block of blocks, for which we establish a classification. The proof borrows to the subdirect product concept to handle synchronizations within the group, and relied on an experimental approach on computer to first conjecture the classification.In the general case, we evidence the structure of a semi-direct product involving the minimal normal subgroup of finite index and some finite group.This allows to formalize a classification of all P-oligomorphic groups, the main result of this thesis, and to deduce the form of the orbit algebra: (little more than) an explicit algebra of invariants of a finite group. This implies the conjectures of Macpherson and Cameron, and a deep understanding of these groups.The appendix provides parts of the code that was used, and a glimpse at that resulting from the classification afterwards,that allows to manipulate P-oligomorphic groups by apropriate algorithmics. Last, we include our earlier (weaker) proof of the conjectures.