Book excerpt: Biotechnology, Besides A Traditional Discipline, Is Advancing Fast Due To Its Application In Agriculture, Pharmaceutical Organizations, Public Health, Environmental Management, Bioenergetics, Geological Explorations And In Various Other Industries, Including As A Mean To Exploit Alternative Sources Of Energy. Developing Nations Are Striving Hard To Merge The Biotechnological Operation Into National Development, Improving Hard Core Economics And Also Seeking Strategies For International Tie Up And Cooperation.The Present Text Has Been Designed To Outline The Basic Concepts In Cell Biology, Genetics, Microbiology And Immunology, Thus Enabling Undergraduate And Postgraduate Students To Understand Fundamental Aspects Of Microbial Biotechnology And Biotechnology.