Book excerpt: This book focuses on the latest approaches and methods in fundamental mathematics and mechanics, and discusses the practical application of abstract mathematical approaches, such as differential geometry, and differential and difference equations in solid mechanics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, optimization, decision-making theory and control theory. Featuring selected contributions to the open seminar series of Lomonosov Moscow State University and Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute by mathematicians from China, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Ukraine and the USA, the book will appeal to mathematicians and engineers working at the interface of these fields