Book excerpt: Volume Two of three, this is a reprint of James Bowen's A History of Western Education originally published by Methuen in the 1970s. Volume Two: Civilization of Europe: Sixth to Sixteenth Century. Volume Two follows the growth and process of learning in Europe from its foundations in the Carolingian era through its evolution in medieval Europe - especially Italy, France, Germany and England - to its expansion and refinement in the sixteenth century. Particular attention is paid to: * The role of medieval institutions of the cathedral and grammar schools and the university * The contribution of notable scholars of the age such as Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, Erasmus and Luther.