Book excerpt: A scholarly analysis of the Turkish military in the 21st century by the Near East policy expert and author of What Went Wrong in Afghanistan. On July 15th, 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces attempted a coup d’état against sitting President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Though the attempt was unsuccessful, the TAF would never be the same. In Opening the Black Box, former Turkish military advisor Metin Gurcan offers a rare look inside the TAF to examine how it has evolved in the 21stcentury. With twenty years of experience inside the Turkish military, both on the field and in the corridors of the Turkish General Staff, as well as extensive academic research, Gurcan provides two detailed snapshots of the TAF: one before July 15thand one after. Offering a complete view of this complex institution, Gurcan offers scholarly perspectives on the TAF as a security organization, a social institution and, in the case of career officers, a profession. Gurcan also examines the evolution of civilian-military relations in Turkey over the last decade with a specific focus on the impact of the July 15 Military Uprising on institutional identity.