Book excerpt: This book is dedicated to the latest findings on the design and optimization of production lines. The “Fourth Industrial Revolution” (alternatively known as “Industry 4.0”) supports innovative models for energy consumption and fault tolerance in automated lines, and this drives changes in the design and optimization models of production lines. The goal is to collect a series of works that can summarize the latest trends in the field of production line optimization models in order to improve the responsiveness of automated lines to failures, reduce energy consumption and peak electricity demand, and develop other methods to support robust and sustainable production lines.