Book excerpt: This study, with its examination of the lives and works of Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, George Berkley, John Locke and other Enlightenment scholars, rejects the idea that the early modern period was marked by a triumph of reason or that it should be seen as a simple battle between science and religion. The more far-reaching debate is focused on one great theme: the questioning of God's place and significance in the cosmos - and the threats that this doubt appeared to pose for the whole of society.