Book excerpt: A WORKBENCH-READY, FULLY ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO SOLENOID DEVICES Learn how to design, troubleshoot, and maintain high-performance solenoid-based devices. Featuring photos, diagrams, charts, graphs, and schematics, this convenient handbook combines basic theory with control and testing methods encompassing a wide range of product configurations. Find out how to assess environmental factors, analyze components, maximize efficiency, and implement reliable controls. Solenoid Control, Testing, and Servicing offers extensive details on adding feedback and "smart solenoid control" to your circuits. Coverage includes: Electrical and electromagnetic principles Resistance, inductance, and turns testing Actuator and valve requirements Clutch/brake and contactor/relay tests AC and DC voltage control Coil-back EMF and contact arc suppression Voltage, current, and peak-andhold control Linear and PWM proportional control Feedback and closed-loop techniques