Book excerpt: The author examines the social and political meaning of divine sonship in the Roman Empire. He analyzes the conceptual framework within which the term ''son of God'' has traditionally been considered in biblical scholarship. Then, through engagement with recent scholarship in Roman history, he offers new ways of interpreting the Christian theological metaphors of ''begotten''and ''adoptive'' sonship. He focuses on social practices and political ideology, revealing that scholarship on divine sonship has been especially hampered by mistaken assumptions about adopted sons.