Book excerpt: This title covers interconnected events in Europe leading to the July Revolution of 1830 in France against the government of King Charles X. The attempt of the ultraroyalists under Charles to return to the Ancien r?gime provoked the opposition of the middle classes, who wanted more voice in the government. The lengthy Belgian Revolution resulted in the secession of the Southern Provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and established an independent Kingdom of Belgium. Poland also had a lengthy history of political upheaval prior to the November Uprising against the Russian Empire.