Book excerpt: "Having undergone profound material, aesthetic, and institutional transformations since the arrival of digital technologies, photography and film frequently intersect in the processes of convergence (the shared technological basis of diverse media in digital code) and remediation (the mutual reshaping of old and new media). However, the foundational relations between film and photography have a long history extending well back into the nineteenth century. This history includes many acclaimed practitioners who have worked in both media, such as Albert Kahn, Helen Levitt, Agnès Varda, Chris Marker, Robert Frank, Wim Wenders, Abbas Kiarostami, and Fiona Tan, but it also involves a range of intermedial forms that combine elements of both media, such as the film still, the film photonovel, and the photofilm. These hybrid forms were long neglected critically because they were considered marginal forms of paratextuality or deviations from medium specificity-the idea that a medium must be deployed according to its own specific capacities compared to other media"--