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The palm oil sector has been targeted by NGOs for its alleged negative environmental and social impacts. In this regard Indonesia represents a major challenge b

Oil palm plantations and smallholdings are expanding massively in Indonesia. Proponents highlight the potential for job creation and poverty alleviation, but sc

The study describes interrelationship among development of Indonesian palm oil industrial cluster, transaction cost, networks effect, and supply chain integrati

This paper proposes an overview of the development of oil palm production in Indonesia combining two levels: (i) a national and historical perspective of the de