Book excerpt: Biodiversity is a vast arena in the sphere of life dealing with many living organisms of botanical and zoological origin and also microbes. Though majority of the research and studies of the biodiversity focus on the macroscopic organisms, but the economic importance of the microbial species present in biosphere cannot be neglected due to its huge importance in ecology as well as pathology. Moreover, air born microbes are also significant as potential pathogens of different diseases. From the beginning of the twenty‐first century, it has become evident that the loss of biodiversity are posing threat, mainly due to loss of forest plants and also extinction of many animals and birds. This also results in the biodiversity loss in a broad sense due to environmental pollution, global warming, human negligence and associated hazards.