Book excerpt: "This work identifies and explains significant variation in the extent and forms of NGO engagement with global governance institutions and how effective NGOs are in bringing the norms and policy recommendations from the global level to domestic arenas. We combine insights from international relations with the lens of comparative politics to understand NGO participation and mediation. We argue that "going global" in whatever form creates some common challenges for NGOs. If they go global to expand their influence - whether through funding, information, or stricter standards - they become caught between two institutional frameworks and sets of norms. There are challenges inherent to that multi-level activism regardless of the particular form of participation. At the same time, the specific nature of the challenges faced by NGOs depends on domestic political arrangements"--