Book excerpt: This comparative study of the peoples of central Borneo offers an unusually detailed description of a pre-colonial society. Professor Rousseau analyses a region characterized by great ethnic diversity and unravels the relation between ethnicity, social organization, language, and cultureamong its peoples.Geographically, central Borneo is divided into several river basins, each of which forms part of a different country. Because of this, the area has traditionally been dealt with in a fragmented way by academics. Yet the records of scholars, missionaries, and administrators that have been keptsince the area came under colonial control at the beginning of the twentieth century provide ethnographic and historical data virtually unmatched in the rest of the insular South East Asia. Professor Rousseau's extensive survey of the available literature and archival material, backed up by manyyears of fieldwork in the region, challenges some long-held views and assumptions. First he shows that, while ethnic identity is normally expected to act as a divider between social groups, this area of great ethnic diversity actually forms a single society. Secondly, although it is thought thatsmall-scale, stateless societies tend to show little evidence of social inequality, he demonstrates that the communities of central Borneo have until recently had a clearly hierarchical structure.The uniquely detailed evidence presented in this study and its comparative approach shed an entirely new light not only on central Borneo, but also on the fundamental nature of societies.