Book excerpt: There are growing concerns about the decline of biodiversity due to human activities, such as infrastructure development and resource extraction. These activities, including coal mining and stream diversion, threaten ecosystems and wildlife significantly. Impact of Societal Development and Infrastructure on Biodiversity Decline is a book that examines these issues comprehensively. It provides insights into the complexities of biodiversity conservation amidst rapid societal development. This book is a timely solution for academics, researchers, and policymakers seeking to understand and mitigate the impacts of such activities on biodiversity. The book explores the ecological and biodiversity studies in coal mining areas through a detailed case studies in regions with major coal industries. It delves into the loss of biodiversity due to stream diversion, providing a thorough analysis of the ecological risks and costs involved. The book proposes mitigation measures to address these challenges, including impact assessments and an environmental management plan. Furthermore, it outlines a plantation program to restore biodiversity and ecosystem services, offering practical solutions for sustainable land use practices.