Book excerpt: Contrary to general perceptions concerning Russia during this era, Jewish political activities continued beyond 1907, and given the political limits of Tsarist Russia, transformed and modernized Jewish society. This text examines how, from 1900 to 1914, Jewish Liberals initiated, organized and co-ordinated various forms of Jewish representation in Russian politics in order to achieve legal emancipation, national-cultural autonomy and the integration of Russian Jews into a modernizing Russian society and economy.