Book excerpt: This book presents basic information about population genetics, quantitative genetics, breeding methods and creation of new varieties taking into account the particular characteristics of autopolyploidy. A number of results are given as a function of ploidy level, the case of diploidy being considered as a specific case. QTL detection and marker assisted selection are also addressed. This book is intended for researchers working on autopolyploid species, as well as for lecturers and students who want to gain better knowledge of these issues by considering the ploidy level. It will also be valuable to breeders wishing to choose methods for breeding and creating the most adapted varieties.