Book excerpt: The reproducing piano rendered faithful re-performances of classical and popular piano solos at a time when cylinder and disc recorders were in their infancy. It played notes from a perforated paper roll, but unlike the player piano it was able to replicate expressive performance elements such as articulation, dynamics, and pedaling. Busoni, Granados, Hoffmann, Rachmaninov, and Ravel made thousands of piano rolls for the reproducing piano.