Book excerpt: Information systems: past, present, and emerging; Intelligence density a metric for knowledge work; The vocabulary of intelligence density; Method one: data-driven decision support; Method two: evolving solutions: genetic algorithms; Method three: simulating the brain to solve problems: neural networks; Method four: putting expert resoning in a box: rule-based systems; Method five: dealing with linguistic ambiguity: fuzzy logic; Method six: soilving problems by analogy case-based resoning; Method seven: deriving rules from data: machine learning; Appendix saving time and money with object; Appendix case studies.