Book excerpt: Provides critical experimental studies and state-of-the-art theoretical analyses of organic reactions in which the role of the aqueous environment is particularly clear. Examines equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvent effects for a variety of chemical processes. Provides an overview of the scope and utility of the present broad array of modeling techniques for mimicking aqueous solution. Includes detailed studies of the hydrophobic effect as it influences protein folding and organic reactivity. Examines the effect of aqueous solvation on biological macromolecules and interfaces.