Book excerpt: Just like today, with high-specification computers being used to design even higher specification models for the next generation, the making of machines to make machines was one of the most important aspects of the Industrial Revolution. The lathe, for example, is the oldest known machine tool and dates back to antiquity, but it wasn't until the late 17th century that such industries as clock making, the building of scientific instruments, furniture and gun makers, began to convert from woodworking lathes to ones that ware capable of machining metal. Craftsmen needed precise machines that could shape metal gears, cut metal screws and stamp shapes out of metal, thus enabling others to assemble their products.