Book excerpt: In this study, L.E. Semler begins with a comprehensive, historical definition of Mannerism in visual arts from which he derives four key terms that constitute the nucleus of the aesthetic: technical precision, elegance, grazia, and the difficulta:facilita formula. These principles - interwoven with one another and with maniera - are derived from visual arts but are specifically designed to be transferable to any medium. The rest of the book situates the English poets in relation to the visual arts - including painting, limning, gold- and silversmithery, architecture, and garden design - and discusses their verse in relation to the key Mannerist principles.