Book excerpt: Discusses the history, religious practices, and social life of the Romaniote Jews of Ioannina, Greece, a community which dates back at least to the 9th century. Describes the varying responses to Jews (both tolerant and intolerant) of Byzantine and other rulers until 1430. During the Ottoman period (1430-1913), Jews had the subordinate status of "dhimmi" and suffered some persecutions (such as on 15 April 1872, the eve of the Greek Easter). Under the Nazi German occupation, the majority of the 1,950 Jews of Ioannina were arrested in March 1944 and deported to Auschwitz. 112 returned, but the present Jewish community is dwindling.