Book excerpt: The emergence of distributed electronic warfare (EW) in Iraq as a response to the improvised explosive device threat has led to serious issues with electronic fratricide and frequency management. This paper assesses the roots of the information technology transformation that has benefited US adversaries in unexpected ways, and shows that the continued growth of information technology will result in spectrum management becoming necessary but insufficient for solving the electronic fratricide problem. Finally, the paper concludes that operational commanders can alleviate the problems caused by distributed EW while effectively utilizing EW capabilities by aligning joint doctrine with new realities, ensuring planning staffs have sufficient expertise, establishing boundaries for decentralized execution, and implementing distributed EW in test, training, and exercises.