Book excerpt: "Applying the insights of Mikhail Bakhtin and recent French critical theorists to the concept of hierarchies in Western society, Stallybrass and White explore the symbolic polarities of the exalted and the base. The authors compare high and low discourse in a variety of domains, and discover that, in every case, the polarities structure and depend upon each other and, in certain instances, interpenetrate to produce political change. In this wide-ranging book, the authors, drawing largely on Bakhtin's notion of the carnival, map out hierarchies in literary and cultural history. Looking closely at a variety of texts from the 17th to the 20th century, they find that high-low oppositions occur in four symbolic domains--psychic forms, the human body, geographic space, and social order--and are fundamental to the mechanisms of ordering in European culture. Transgressing the rules of hierarchy and order in any one of these domains, the authors assert, is likely to have major consequences in the other three. Unconfined by conventional disciplinary boundaries, this investigation of the interplay between limits and transgressions within hierarchies will fascinate students of literary theory and English literature as well as those of intellectual and cultural history, psychology, and anthropology." -- Back cover