Book excerpt: A reference for students in late high school and early college who are examining literature from the perspective of literary movements. Entries are international in scope, and describe some 500 major and less well-known literary movements, schools, genres, techniques, and terms of the 20th century, as well as major 19th-century movements which have exerted tremendous influence on 20th-century literature. Each entry describes writers identified with the movement; representative works; literary techniques and philosophical and artistic tenets; and historical and cultural context.